Developing deep transfer and machine learning models of chest X-ray for diagnosing COVID-19 cases using probabilistic single-valued neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy

Abstract

This study presents a novel dynamic localisation-based decision (DLBD) with fuzzy weighting with zero inconsistency (FWZIC) under a probabilistic single-valued neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set (PSVNHFS) environment to benchmark Hybrid Multi Deep Transfer and Machine Learning (HMDTML) models. The novel DLBD method is proposed to generate a dynamic localisation decision matrix based on the upper and lower boundaries and the length of the scale. The superiority of DLBD derives from its ability to manage dynamic changes with boundary value consequences. In addition, the utilization of PSVNHFS in conjunction with DLBD and FWZIC has proven to effectively address the challenges posed by vagueness, uncertainty and hesitancy in the benchmarking procedure. The proposed methodology consists of three primary three steps: i) the adaptation of 48 HMDTML models, including 4 deep transfer learning models and 12 machine learning models trained on a dataset of 936 chest X-ray images obtained from both COVID-19 patients and individuals without the disease. Then, these models were evaluated based on seven evaluation criteria, and a decision matrix was proposed. ii) The development of a PSVNH–FWZIC to assign weights to the evaluation criteria. iii) The formulation of a PSVNH–DLBD for the purpose of benchmarking HMDTML models. Results of the PSVNH–FWZIC revealed that AUC and time were the most important evaluation criteria, while precision was the least important. Furthermore, the results from PSVNH–DLBD, reveal that Model M24 (Painters-Decision Tree) earned the highest rank when λ=2,3,4,5and6, followed by Model M25 (SqueezeNet-AdaBoost) and Model M34 (DeepLoc-kNN), while Model M39 (DeepLoc-SVM) had the lowest rank (rank = 48) across all λ values. The proposed method underwent sensitivity and comparison analyses to confirm its reliability and robustness.