Abstract
Dairy cattle farming contributes significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through methane (CH4) from enteric fermentation. To complement global efforts to mitigate climate change, there is a need for accurate estimations of GHG emissions using country-specific emission factors (EFs). The objective of this study was to develop national EFs for the estimation of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in South Korean dairy cattle. Information on dairy cattle herd characteristics, diet, and management practices specific to South Korean dairy cattle farming was obtained. Enteric CH4 EFs were estimated according to the 2019 refinement of the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) using the Tier 2 approach. Three animal subcategories were considered according to age: milking cows >2 years, 650 kg body weight (BW); heifers 1–2 years, 473 kg BW; and growing animals <1 year, 167 kg BW. The estimated enteric CH4 EFs for milking cows, heifers, and growing animals, were 139, 83 and 33 kg/head/year, respectively. Currently, the Republic of Korea adopts the Tier 1 default enteric CH4 EFs from the North America region for GHG inventory reporting. Compared with the generic Tier 1 default EF of 138 (kg CH4/head/year) proposed by the 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for high-milking cows, our suggested value for milking cows was very similar (139 kg CH4 /head/year) and different to heifers and growing animals EFs. In addition, enteric CH4 EFs were strongly correlated with the feed digestibility, level of milk production, and CH4 conversion rate. The adoption of the newly developed EFs for dairy cattle in the next national GHG inventory would lead to a potential total GHG reduction from the South Korean dairy sector of 97,000 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent per year (8%). The outcome of this study underscores the importance of obtaining country-specific EFs to estimate national enteric CH4 emissions, which can further support the assessment of mitigation actions.
Highlights
Concerns about climate change have increased during the last decade, and the issue has become one of the world’s most serious challenges, threatening the sustainability of agricultural production [1,2]
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has developed comprehensive guidelines for national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories for livestock enteric CH4 emissions and has proposed different levels (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) of estimations according to the quantity of information required and the level of complexity [6]
The emission factors (EFs) from enteric CH4 fermentation for each dairy cattle subcategory were developed using the IPCC [6] Tier 2 approach based on gross energy intake (GEI) and Ym (%)
Summary
Concerns about climate change have increased during the last decade, and the issue has become one of the world’s most serious challenges, threatening the sustainability of agricultural production [1,2]. Accurate estimations of GHG emissions are of primary importance when reporting inventories, calculating carbon footprints, identifying GHG sources and sinks, and developing mitigation strategies for GHG emissions at the national scale. Improved estimations using country-specific emission factors (EFs) would support more accurate GHG inventories. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has developed comprehensive guidelines for national GHG inventories for livestock enteric CH4 emissions and has proposed different levels (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) of estimations according to the quantity of information required and the level of complexity [6]. Methods for estimating enteric CH4 EFs that were included in the 2006 IPCC guidelines were partly refined in 2019 to provide an updated scientific basis for supporting the preparation and continuous improvement of national GHG inventories.
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