Developing Countries and the Multilateral Trade Regime : The Failure and Promise of the WTO’s Development Mission

Abstract

INTRODUCTION - THE FAILURE AND THE PROMISE OF THE MULTILATERAL TRADING REGIME I The 'Science of Development' and 'Capitalist Imperialism' II Development as a 'Discourse' and Development as a 'Trap' III Outline of the Chapters 1 THE BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE: TRADE AND THE 'CIVILISING MISSION' IN THE POSTWAR INTERNATIONAL TRADING REGIME I The Mandate System and 'the Science of Development' A Freedom of Transit and Equitable Treatment: The First Regulatory Attempt at a World Trade Order B ... and the Extension of Market Imperatives II The Bretton Woods Conference and the Postwar International Economic Order A Grounding 'Non-Discrimination' and 'Equal Treatment' in Trade Relations B The Draft Charter and the London Conference: Of Rules and Exceptions C The Free-Trade Contradictions of the Charter: Structuring the International Division of Labour D The Investment Provisions: Protecting Capital Abroad E The Outcome of the ITO Negotiations III The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Conclusions 2 THE 'SCIENCE OF DEVELOPMENT' AND THE GATT NORM I The Emergence of the Development Enterprise A The 'Professionalisation' and 'Institutionalisation' of Development B Development Economics' 'Growth' and 'Progress' C Development Economics' Normative Assumptions D Reformist Dependency Theories and the Development Matrix: The Structuralist School of Thought II The GATT Development Mission A The GATT First Review Session: Positing Developing Countries' Failure B The Haberler Report and Committee III: Tracing Discrimination C The GATT Part IV: Discharging Responsibility D Enabling Non-Reciprocity E A'Differential and More Favourable Treatment'? F Assessing the GATT's Flexibility Conclusions 3 THE NEO-LIBERAL TRANSFORMATION OF DEVELOPMENT THINKING AND THE RENEWED MISSION OF THE MULTILATERAL TRADING REGIME I The Neo-Liberal Conversion of Development Thinking A Rational Choice-Based Approach B ... and Failing Institutional Arrangements C Outward-Oriented Policies and Government Controls II The Neo-Liberal Transformation of the International Trading Regime A The World Recession and the Restructuring of the International Economy B Towards a Trade-Service-Investment Driven Market Integration: Enter the 'New Issues' C Setting the Scene for the New Mandate D Punta del Este: A Divisive Strategy III Developing Countries' Re-Alignment: Revisiting the Story A From the Oil and Debt Crisis to the Structural Adjustment Policies B The Challenge of Increasing Discrimination C The Pressure Tactics Unilateralism/Bilateralism/Multilateralism Conclusions 4 THE URUGUAY ROUND AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW CONSENSUS I Old and New Issues on the Negotiating Table, Corporate Activism and the Single Undertaking Approach II The Rise of US Protectionism and the Consolidation of the Pressure Tactic III The Montreal/Geneva Mid-Term Review: Weakening the Opposition to a Broader Mandate IV Brussels Ministerial Meeting: Reintroducing Reciprocity V From Brussels to Marrakesh: Clinton's Aggressive Approach to Market Openness VI The Final Agreement: Towards an Equal Playing Field? A The New Issues B ... and the Same Old Ones Conclusions 5 THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION: THE POWER OF TRANSNATIONAL CAPITAL AND THE REDUCTION OF DOMESTIC REGULATORY SPACE I Assessing the 'Trade Off': the Market Access Issues A Agriculture B Textiles and Clothing C Safeguards and Anti-Dumping D Implementation Costs II Liberalisation Rhetoric and Practice: Opening Markets, Protecting Capital A Investors' Rights in Historical Context B The Changing Investment Climate of the 1980s and 1990s: Securing Protection Abroad C The 'Modest' TRIMs Agreement D The 'Flexible' General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) E The 'Balanced' TRIPs Agreement Conclusions 6 OF FAILURES AND PROMISES: THE MANY LIVES OF THE DOHA DEVELOPMENT ROUND I The Road to Doha: Reflecting on the UR Imbalances II The Doha Agenda A Principles and Objectives: Multilateralism, Free Trade, Development B Work Programme: Towards a Softening of the WTO Neo-Liberal Agenda? III From Cancun to Geneva: Emerging Oppositions IV Reaction to Cancun: Silencing Dissent V GATS'Flexibility': Rhetoric and Negotiating Practice A The Safeguard Mechanism and Liberalisation of GATS Mode 4: An Uncertain Future B Targeting Non-Discriminatory Domestic Regulation: GATS Article VI C Enter Specific Commitments: The Request-Offer Approach VI TRIPs: Transfer of Technology v. Investors' Rights A Substantive TRIPs-plus Standards in Investment Agreements B Investor-to-State Dispute Resolution C Expropriation VII From Hong Kong to Geneva: The Last Breath of the Doha Round? A The July Framework B The Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration C Suspension, Crisis, Resumption Conclusions CONCLUSIONS: THE DEVELOPMENT MISSION OF THE WTO I The First Perspective: The Reform of the International Trading System A The GATS and the Financial Crisis B Addressing the Challenge, Strengthening the Mindset II The Second Perspective: The WTO and its Civilising Mission III The WTO's Market-Access Mindset IV The 'Political Rationality' of Development Bibliography Index