Abstract
Aim: Validated instruments exist measuring parts of personal health, ill-health and lifestyle, but there are few, if any, instruments “grasping the big picture” of wellness and ethos. Accordingly the aim was to develop and establish the psychometric properties of a 74-item Ethos towards Wellness Questionnaire (EtWeQ) with regards to content and construct validity, as well as homogeneity and stability reliability. Methods: A questionnaire based on a methodological and developmental design was sent out twice with a four week gap between, on 221 healthy middle-aged participants in four steps: item generating, content validating, statistical analyzing and establishing the final questionnaire. Results: The substantial base, consisting of content validity resulted in, besides basic characteristics, six well-defined and sufficient indexes comprising of; two health indexes (healthiness and ill-healthiness), three life context indexes (work, family, spare time), and one brief comprehensive index (ethos). The three life context as well as the ethos indexes at an ordinal scale level, identified overall satisfactory communalities of >0.30, factor loadings > 0.30, and factor total variance > 50% with regard to construct validity. The homogeneity reliability, in terms of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient > 0.70, at both occasions with a four week gap between, as well as the stability reliability in terms of intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.70, were also considered satisfactory in the same indexes. Conclusions: This newly developed, and likely the only questionnaire focusing on “grasping the big human picture”, was based on both a philosophical reasoning and empirical recommendations of wellness, is shown to be a valid and reliable measurement in screening or in follow-up of healthy people’s wellness and ethos.
Highlights
The concept of wellness is a multidimensional state of being, describing the existence of health in an individual as exemplified by sense of wellbeing and quality of life [1] [2]
The previous definition of health held the perspective that health was concerned with illness and the body was considered in negative terms of isolated parts, for example: a biomedical condition, while the wellness concept reflects the positive terms of all parts of the individual, i.e. a holistic attitude including a more subjective and emotional condition [3]
By linking the concepts of wellness and salutogenesis including a sense of coherence (SOC) [4] [5], together it is possible to concretize the individual’s experience to understand, manage and see the meaning of life
Summary
The concept of wellness is a multidimensional state of being, describing the existence of health in an individual as exemplified by sense of wellbeing and quality of life [1] [2]. By linking the concepts of wellness and salutogenesis including a sense of coherence (SOC) [4] [5], together it is possible to concretize the individual’s experience to understand, manage and see the meaning of life. Such a holistic perspective raises the awareness of an individual’s ethos comprising the interaction with the whole environment intertwining with family, work, and spare time. This may affect the individual’s wellness for good or bad. The aim of this study was to develop and establish the psychometric properties of the Ethos towards Wellness Questionnaire (EtWeQ) with regard to content and construct validity as well as homogeneity and stability reliability
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