Abstract
Lead contamination in drinking water is often a close-to-home contamination caused by corroded lead service pipes connecting households to main lines or lead-based pluming within the households. This is particularly evident in houses built prior to 1986 when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) amended the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) to prohibit the use of any lead-based pipe. Despite the legally established action limit of lead level of 15 parts-per-billion (ppb) in drinking water, incidents with disastrous consequences have occurred repeatedly (e.g. water crisis in Flint, Michigan). The objective of this research is to develop a polymeric ion-selective electrode (ISE) for the detection of lead levels at the EPA action level, or 10-9 molar concentration (M). Primarily, various ratios of sodium tetraphenylborate, resin powder, and lead-selective ionophore were considered and investigated to accomplish this goal. Two commercially available ionophores (Dibenzo-18-Crown-6 and Tert-Butylcalix(4)Arene-Tetrakis) were investigated as well as a synthesized poly (AN-co-HSA) copolyaniline ionophore. The commercially available ionophores were able to consistently achieve a limit of detection (LOD) of 10-6 M when used for the ISE electrode while the synthesized ionophore showed a less consistent LOD between 10-6 M and 10-9 M.
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