Abstract
Using pillars and sub-index from the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (T & TCI) to measure a destination’s competitiveness is popular. Still, its methodology underlying the calculation has been criticized. So the T&TCI Index has not been regarded as a reliable measure of a destination’s competitiveness. In this regard, this paper sought to set out a country-based tourism competitiveness evaluation model with various statistical methods to indicate how important tourism policy development has to design. We used data from an expert survey to examine the attributes and sub-attributes and shape the decision-making. We addressed a theoretical six-step procedure to ensure the evaluation model’s rigor in the model development context. The first was to do data collection. The second was to examine construct underrepresentation. The third was to examine common method bias. The fourth was to examine construct-irrelevant variances. The fifth was to evaluate intergroup consistency. And the sixth was to develop attribute weight. Our study showed that a country-based tourism competitiveness evaluation model encompassed 8 attributes and 28 sub-attributes. We identified cultural uniqueness, ecology and the environment as the two most important attributes. In the end, we addressed the practical contributions of this study and methods to policy-makers and researchers.
Highlights
The development of an evaluation model involves a range of actors, and its success may involve many internal and external factors
The results indicated that group A showed a significantly positive correlation with tourism competitiveness (TC); group B showed a positive correlation with TC; group C showed a significantly positive correlation with TC; group D showed a significantly positive correlation with TC; group E showed a positive correlation with TC; group F showed a significantly positive correlation with TC; group G showed a significantly positive correlation with TC; group H showed a positive correlation with TC
We addressed that examining face validity for construct underrepresentation, examining interexpert consensus for common method bias, and examining item-level content validity for construct-irrelevant variances were essential for developing the model
Summary
The development of an evaluation model involves a range of actors, and its success may involve many internal and external factors. Model makers need to provide an evaluation framework to identify problems, examine potential policy alternatives, and effectively make decisions. We attempt to develop country-based tourism competitiveness (TC) evaluation model for policymakers to set up proper strategies for tourism policy development or use it to diagnose their current strengths and weaknesses. In terms of countrybased TC, many studies have proven that a country with a well-developed TC can lead to long-term development, stimulate economic growth, reduce poverty, lessen unemployment, and maintain a higher standard of living (Croes & Vanegas, 2008; Martín et al, 2017; Zhao & Ritchie, 2007).
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