Developing a System Dynamic Model for Product Life Cycle Management of Generic Pharmaceutical Products: Its Relation with Open Innovation

Atefeh Mousavi,Mehdi Mohammadzadeh,Hossein Zare

doi:10.3390/joitmc8010014

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify elements that influence the sale of generic pharmaceutical products during their life cycle in order to achieve more comprehensive planning and to prevent a decline stage of the product life cycle (PLC). We used a system dynamic model to identify the behaviors of demand, supply, and competition as three major subsystems of PLC in generic pharmaceutical products. We first investigated the PLC patterns of 527 medicines to identify their “reference mode”, determined the causal loop of the pharmaceuticals phase of PLC based on both an in-depth literature review and experts’ opinions, and finally simulated a quantitative dynamic model based on real-world data between 2012 and 2019 from Iran. Based on the results, “total demand and accurate forecasting”, “marketing efforts”, and “R and D activities of a firm” are the most critical factors involved in the formation of a generic drug PLC. An increase of 20–50% of manufacturers’ marketing and R and D activities can raise sales by more than 50% in the decline stage of the PLC. The product life cycle can give generic manufacturers more insights into the processes leading to declining sales of their products. PLC may help to prevent a product from entering the decline stage even if the total demand for a generic drug is dropping in the market.

Highlights

Product life cycle management (PLM) is a strategic process to manage a company’s products effectively, from production to exit from a market [1]
Our findings showed that the product life cycle (PLC) has
Our findings showed that the PLC has three endogenous subsystems that establish the mand subsystem, and compe

Summary

Introduction

Product life cycle management (PLM) is a strategic process to manage a company’s products effectively, from production to exit from a market [1]. PLM improves the processes of a company’s product development and provides an ability to use product-related information to make better business decisions [2]. By using the PLM concept in the medical sector, we can create synergy between industrial products and patients [3]. The nature of the healthcare system—with many actors (new patterns of diseases, patients with different attitudes and expectations, and too many providers [4]), rapid changes in the market, technology, rules and regulations, and new competitors’ products—make PLM applications very dynamic. As a result, implementing the PLM strategy needs a stronger evaluation system for new opportunities such as the development of markets, regulations, and technology [5]. Evidence has shown that companies with a comprehensive strategy for PLM

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