Abstract
The purpose of this research was to develop a simple, cost-effective, but enough efficient solution for locating, tracking and distribution analysis of people and/or vehicle flowing, based on non-intrusive Bluetooth sensing and selective filtering algorithms employing artificial intelligence components. The solution provides a tool for analyzing density of targets in a specific area, useful when checking contact proximities of a target along a route. The principle consists of the detection of mobile devices that use active Bluetooth connections, such as personal notebooks, smartphones, smartwatches, Bluetooth headphones, etc. to locate and track their movement in the dedicated area. For this purpose, a specific configuration of three BT sensors is used and RSSI levels compared, based on a combination of differential location estimates. The solution may also be suited for indoor localization where GPS signals are usually weak or missing; for example, in public places such as subway stations or trains, hospitals, airport terminals and so on. The applicability of this solution is estimated to be vast, ranging from travel and transport information services, route guidance, passenger flows tracking, and path recovery for persons suspected to have SARS-COV2 or other contagious viruses, serving epidemiologic enquiries. The specific configuration of Bluetooth detectors may be installed either in a fixed location, or in a public transport vehicle. A set of filters and algorithms for triangulation-based location of detected targets and movement tracking, based on artificial intelligence is employed. When applied in the public transport field, this setup can be also developed to extract additional information on traffic, such as private traffic flowing, or passenger movement patterns along the vehicle route, improved location in absence of GPS signals, etc. Field tests have been carried out for determining different aspects concerning indoor location accuracy, reliability, selection of targets and filtering. Results and possible applications are also presented in the final section of the paper.
Highlights
According to to thethe results obtained in in these laboratory tests, it seems that thethe readings areare rapidly dropping in the vicinity of the transmitter, the variation is slowing down up to distances rapidly dropping in the vicinity of the transmitter, the variation is slowing down up to distances larger than8 8meters m and and it appears the field in a relative slow variation around −80
If only a single measuring station would be employed for such kind of applications, the precision would be very poor
When we varied the vertical angle of the measuring station, the influence between different surroundings and random Bluetooth devices passing by), the RSSI is experiencing variations ranging between 0 and 12–14 dBm, which gives a poor precision in terms of distance measurement based on RSSI levels
Summary
To evaluate the possibility of indoor locating and analyzing movements of persons in a dedicated area, support for route guidance and/or patients’ surveillance in hospitals. These goals have been approached in different phases and experiments, of which one resulted in a patent proposal. In the first stages of the solution development, a series of field testing have been carried for determining different behavior of Bluetooth signals both in outdoor and indoor environments (a subway station). Different configurations for the specific Bluetooth sensors have been tested prior to decide over the most efficient and simple one. This paper presents the results of the third phase of field testing, along with filtering algorithms and future developments
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