Developing a Psychological Intervention for Decreasing Bedtime Procrastination: The BED-PRO Study

Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction Bedtime Procrastination (BP) is defined as the behavior of going to bed later than intended, without having external reasons for doing so. Previous studies have shown that BP has a negative effect on sleep and health, emphasizing the need to develop interventions to decrease BP. This intervention development study is a proof-of-concept study for a psychological intervention designed for decreasing bedtime procrastination, namely BED-PRO. Material and Method The intervention was developed based on behavioral modification principles and motivational interviewing techniques. The final intervention was a weekly three-session intervention, with one additional booster call. Twenty individuals with high BP participated in the study, and data was collected for pre- and post-intervention, and one-month follow-up. Individuals completed the Bedtime Procrastination Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Insomnia Severity Index, and a sleep diary. Result Significant changes were found for BPS scores, bedtime procrastination duration (Δ51 mins, 63.8% reduction compared to baseline), wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency and feeling refreshed upon awakening measured by sleep diaries following the intervention. In addition, changes in BPS, ISI, and ESS scores, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency and feeling refreshed upon awakening were maintained or continued to improve at 1-month follow-up. Conclusion This study verified the feasibility and acceptability of the BED-PRO intervention and the potential for being the first intervention to target bedtime procrastination. Considering the research about negative implications of BP, we expect that this intervention could be a step forward in considering BP as a serious health behavior.