Developing a porcine model of severe traumatic brain injury induced by high amplitude rotational acceleration

Abstract

IntroductionIt is unclear which pathophysiological processes initiate and drive dynamic cerebrovascular autoregulation (CA) impairment as seen in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This is not solely attributable to raised intracranial pressure (ICP), but also results from local tissue damage. Research questionIn order to investigate CA disturbing processes, a porcine model is needed that mimics severe TBI as seen in humans. This model requires high amplitude rotational acceleration. Material and methodsA customized device was built to produce a rotational impulse with high amplitude and short pulse duration. Following preparatory tests on cadaver piglets, six piglets of six weeks old were sedated, ventilated and subjected to rotational impulses of different magnitudes. The impulse was immediately followed by installment of invasive monitoring of ICP, PbO₂, Laser Doppler Flowmetry and arterial blood pressure. TBI was further characterized by magnetic resonance brain imaging. ResultsThe current setup enabled to reach sagittal head rotational maximal acceleration magnitudes up to 30 krad/s2. Half of the animals had an increase in ICP, measured shortly after the impulse. It has proved impossible so far to produce a sustained rise in ICP as seen in human severe TBI. MRI showed no anatomical abnormalities which would confirm severe TBI. Discussion and conclusionThe challenge to build a porcine model in which severe TBI with ICP raise and MRI changes as seen in humans can be reliably reproduced is still ongoing. It might be that higher peak rotational accelerations are needed.