Developing a novel functional disc emulator to investigate the nucleus pulposus replacement

Hassan M Raheem,Skip E Rochefort,Brian K Bay

doi:10.1007/s10856-021-06492-z

Abstract

We have developed a simple, inexpensive and innovative device for reproducing the global mechanical behavior of spinal motion segments and the local mechanical environment experienced by lumbar intervertebral discs. The device has several broad functions: (1) exploration of the basic mechanics underlying this complex skeletal system, (2) connecting changes in tissue characteristics with overall motion segment function, and (3) evaluation of strategies for repair and replacement of disc components. This “disc emulator” consists of three main parts: (1) an artificial annulus fibrosus (AAF), made out of silicone, with lumbar disc geometry and adjustable material properties, (2) a hydrogel nucleus pulposus (NP) also with lumbar disc geometry and adjustable material properties, and (3) simulated vertebral bodies 3D printed with trabecular bone simulated by a rigid polymer (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, ABS) and end plates crafted from a compliant polymer (Thermoplastic Polyurethane, TPU). Mechanical compression experiments have been conducted using the disc emulator under similar protocols to published studies of human cadaver samples. Bulging of the artificial annulus fibrosus was examined under axial compression loads using digital image correlation (DIC), and results show close agreement. We see this approach of using anatomical geometry and multiple adjustable components as a useful means of creating accurate local stress/strain environments for preliminary material evaluation, without the variability and difficulty inherent indirect testing of cadaveric materials.

Highlights

Intervertebral discs (IVD) are crucial components of the spinal column as they provide both flexibility and support of the very large compression, bending, and torsional loads that occur during daily activities
We developed the disc emulator to add another dimension to spinal disc biomechanics studies
We have shown that a reasonable mechanical analogue of the lumbar spinal motion segment can be generated through simple 3D printing and polymer molding techniques

Summary

Introduction

Intervertebral discs (IVD) are crucial components of the spinal column as they provide both flexibility and support of the very large compression, bending, and torsional loads that occur during daily activities. Over a million patients in the USA annually undergo surgery to counteract the effects of disc herniation [2]. Understanding the factors leading to disc failure, improving treatment strategies, and developing approaches to prevention are major goals in orthopedic practice. Researchers have employed a variety of approaches to bridge this gap, with studies generally falling into three broad categories: (1) measurements on human cadaveric material [3, 4], (2) studies of samples from various animal analogues [5], and (3) analysis with finite element or other computational models [6,7,8,9]

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