Abstract
Stakeholder opposition is reported as a central aspect of public-private partnership (PPP) failure; however, it has not gained much attention in either tourism or general PPP studies. Therefore, this study seeks to explore stakeholder opposition and develop a measurements scale of opposition in tourism PPP projects. An exploratory-sequential mixed methods approach is employed to holistically understand the subject. The results confirmed that lack of perceived value, relational strength, stakeholder management approach, and a conflict (and power) management mechanism, in addition to inadequate capabilities of stakeholders and poor experience outcomes, are antecedents of opposition to tourism PPP projects. Other notable results and their implications for theory and practice are included in the article.
Highlights
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is broadly defined, by [1], as “a cooperative arrangement between the public and private sectors that involves the sharing of resources, risks, responsibilities, and rewards with others for the achievement of joint objectives” (p. 52)
The results revealed that the failed experience of DMS in Egypt was the main reason for the resistance of the Tourism Ministry to participate in further DMS project
The case of the Egyptian DMS gives a deep insight into the subject since it is a tourism PPP experience that was failed due to public sector abandonment of the project
Summary
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is broadly defined, by [1], as “a cooperative arrangement between the public and private sectors that involves the sharing of resources, risks, responsibilities, and rewards with others for the achievement of joint objectives” (p. 52). Stakeholders’ attitude has long been recognized as the primary determinant of partnership projects success or failure [8,9,10]. Researchers suggested different classifications to attitudes that help to arrange stakeholders according to potentials to cooperate or threaten the survival of partnership projects [11,12]. PPPs work in a complex environment that creates multiple national and international stakeholders with different and sometimes conflicting interests and concerns. It is significantly important, yet complicated, to manage these various stakeholders, arrange relationships [3,13], seek their support [6], and instantaneously prepare for possible opposition [14]
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