Abstract
The growing interest in the development of green pest management strategies is leading to the exploitation of essential oils (EOs) as promising botanical pesticides. In this respect, nanotechnology could efficiently support the use of EOs through their encapsulation into stable nanoformulations, such as nanoemulsions (NEs), to improve their stability and efficacy. This technology assures the improvement of the chemical stability, hydrophilicity, and environmental persistence of EOs, giving an added value for the fabrication of natural insecticides effective against a wide spectrum of insect vectors and pests of public and agronomical importance. Carlina acaulis (Asteraceae) root EO has been recently proposed as a promising ingredient of a new generation of botanical insecticides. In the present study, a highly stable C. acaulis-based NE was developed. Interestingly, such a nanosystem was able to encapsulate 6% (w/w) of C. acaulis EO, showing a mean diameter of around 140 nm and a SOR (surfactant-to-oil ratio) of 0.6. Its stability was evaluated in a storage period of six months and corroborated by an accelerated stability study. Therefore, the C. acaulis EO and C. acaulis-based NE were evaluated for their toxicity against 1st instar larvae of the European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major vineyard pest. The chemical composition of C. acaulis EO was investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) revealing carlina oxide, a polyacetylene, as the main constituent. In toxicity assays, both the C. acaulis EO and the C. acaulis-based NE were highly toxic to L. botrana larvae, with LC50 values of 7.299 and 9.044 µL/mL for C. acaulis EO and NE, respectively. The C. acaulis-based NE represents a promising option to develop highly stable botanical insecticides for pest management. To date, this study represents the first evidence about the insecticidal toxicity of EOs and EO-based NEs against this major grapevine pest.
Highlights
The European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a widespread and economically important pest of the grapevine worldwide
Through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, the essential oils (EOs) extracted from the roots of C. acaulis was characterised and the data obtained were in accordance with the work of Benelli et al [56]
Through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, the EO extracted from the NroanootmsaotefriCal.sa2c0a2u0,li1s0w, 18a6s7characterised and the data obtained were in accordance with the work of B6enofe1ll5i et al [56]
Summary
The European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a widespread and economically important pest of the grapevine worldwide. Finding valid and sustainable alternatives to insecticides is a key challenge for modern agriculture; side effects of insecticide use include environmental pollution, toxicity to non-target insects, and residues on food [10,11,12,13]. In this scenario, researchers are looking for new sustainable tools and products. Researchers are looking for new sustainable tools and products They have focused on essential oils (EOs) as a new class of BPs to be employed in eco-friendly practices [14]
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