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Abstract
An extended analysis of the reaction mechanisms involved within deuteron interaction with nuclei is presented. An increased attention is devoted to the breakup mechanism, all its components, namely the elastic, inelastic (fusion), and total breakup being carefully considered. Next, the direct reactions represented by the stripping and pick-up mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the pre-equilibrium and compound-nucleus contributions, corrected for the breakup, stripping, and pick-up decrease of the total reaction cross section, complete the deuteron-induced reaction cross section analysis. The overall agreement between the measured data and model calculations validates the description of nuclear mechanisms taken into account for the deuteron-nucleus interaction.
Highlights
The deuteron-induced reactions at low and medium energies have a great importance within several on-going strategic research programmes for international large-scale facilities as ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), IFMIF (International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility), and SPIRAL-2 (Systeme de Production d’Ions Radioactifs en Ligne - generation 2)
As an example of complete analysis of deuteron interactions with nuclei in Fig. 3 is shown the comparison of the measured and calculated activation cross sections of nat,63,65Cu +d [6], all deuteroninduced reactions being properly described by the local consistent parameter set within the PE+compound nucleus (CN) code STAPRE-H and taking into account the breakup and direct reaction (DR) contributions
Concerning the breakup mechanism dominance, it results that further calculations of deuteron activation cross sections have to take into account both the huge leakage of initial flux toward the breakup process, as well as the inelastic breakup enhancement brought by the breakup nucleon interactions with the target nucleus
Summary
The deuteron-induced reactions at low and medium energies have a great importance within several on-going strategic research programmes for international large-scale facilities as ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), IFMIF (International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility), and SPIRAL-2 (Systeme de Production d’Ions Radioactifs en Ligne - generation 2). Usually neglected or very poorly taken into account, the (d,p) and (d,n) stripping as well as the (d,t) pick-up reaction contributions have been shown to be important at low incident energies [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], requesting an appropriate treatment within, e.g., the Coupled-Reaction Channels (CRC) formalism In this respect, the present work concerns a deeper understanding of deuteron breakup, stripping and pick-up reactions, all together and consistently with the better-known and described statistical emission. An empirical parametrization of the total proton-emission breakup fraction from the deuteron total reaction cross section σR, fB(pU) = σBpU /σR, and elastic breakup fraction, fEB = σEB/σR, have been obtained [1] from the analysis of the experimental systematics [9,10,11,12,13] of the proton-emission spectra and angular distributions of deuteron-induced reactions on target nuclei from Al to Pb, at incident energies from 15 to 80 MeV. The total protonemission breakup cross sections given by Kalbach parametrization [14] remain higher than even the deuteron total reaction cross sections σR with the incident energy decrease (Fig. 1)
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