Detrimental Effects of Alcohol-Induced Inflammation on Brain Health: From Neurogenesis to Neurodegeneration.

Abstract

Alcohol consumption is known to cause several brain anomalies. The pathophysiological changes associated with alcohol intoxication are mediated by various factors, most notable being inflammation. Alcohol intoxication may cause inflammation through several molecular mechanisms in multiple organs, including the brain, liver and gut. Alcohol-induced inflammation in the brain and gut are intricately connected. In the gut, alcohol consumption leads to the weakening of the intestinal barrier, resulting in bacteria and bacterial endotoxins permeating into the bloodstream. These bacterial endotoxins can infiltrate other organs, including the brain, where they cause cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Alcohol can also directly affect the brain by activating immune cells such as microglia, triggering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammation. Since alcohol causes the death of neural cells, it has been correlated to an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, alcohol intoxication has also negatively affected neural stem cells, affecting adult neurogenesis and causing hippocampal dysfunctions. This review provides an overview of alcohol-induced brain anomalies and how inflammation plays a crucial mechanistic role in alcohol-associated pathophysiology.