Abstract
(1) Background: Disinfection of medical devices designed for clinical use associated or not with the growing area of tissue engineering is an urgent need. However, traditional disinfection methods are not always suitable for some biomaterials, especially those sensitive to chemical, thermal, or radiation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the minimal concentration of ozone gas (O3) necessary to control and kill a set of sensitive or multi-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The cell viability, membrane permeability, and the levels of reactive intracellular oxygen (ROS) species were also investigated; (2) Material and Methods: Four standard strains and a clinical MDR strain were exposed to low doses of ozone at different concentrations and times. Bacterial inactivation (cultivability, membrane damage) was investigated using colony counts, resazurin as a metabolic indicator, and propidium iodide (PI). A fluorescent probe (H2DCFDA) was used for the ROS analyses; (3) Results: No reduction in the count colony was detected after O3 exposure compared to the control group. However, the cell viability of E. coli (30%), P. aeruginosa (25%), and A. baumannii (15%) was reduced considerably. The bacterial membrane of all strains was not affected by O3 but presented a significant increase of ROS in E. coli (90 ± 14%), P. aeruginosa (62.5 ± 19%), and A. baumanni (52.6 ± 5%); (4) Conclusion: Low doses of ozone were able to interfere in the cell viability of most strains studied, and although it does not cause damage to the bacterial membrane, increased levels of reactive ROS are responsible for causing a detrimental effect in the lipids, proteins, and DNA metabolism.
Highlights
The treatment produced in bacterial membrane wrinkle cells with damaged areas with invagination (Figure 6)
Despite not obtaining a significant reduction of in vitro bacteria growth, when we investigated its metabolic capacity through resazurin, we found a significant decrease in values for three of the five bacteria studied, showing that even at low concentrations, O3 was able to interfere with cell viability
This work shows that low ozone doses did not inhibit bacterial growth but may interfere with the cell viability of the three bacterial strains studied
Summary
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).“Deaf Endemic” is a term used by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a reference to health care-associated infections (HAIs), identified as the most frequent adverse effects during health care provision [1]. HAIs comprise any infection acquired after a patient’s admission to the hospital, which may occur during hospitalization or shortly after discharge, as long as it is related to hospitalization or the procedures performed during the period [2,3].In hospitals, the surfaces, equipment, and medical devices play an essential role in spreading HAIs, as secondary reservoirs promote cross-contamination [4]. The hands of Microorganisms 2022, 10, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010040 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms
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