Abstract
Two species of melanopline grasshoppers (Melanoplus bivittatus and M. sanguinipes) tolerated high levels of 3-nitropriopionic acid (NPA) in their diet (LD30 = 3 μg g−1). The NPA was absorbed, conjugated to glycine, l-serine or l-glutamate and excreted in the frass as amides. Karakin was also consumed without ill effects. Karakin, a glucose triester of NPA, was apparently hydrolyzed in vivo, and the NPA was conjugated to the same amino acids. The conjugates were identified by NMR and ORD spectroscopy.
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