Abstract
Gray arsenic (β-phase) has aroused great attention in photonics and electronics applications, as a novel family member of two-dimensional (2D) elemental crystals of group-VA. Here, β-phase arsenic (β-As) bulk crystals were synthesized via the chemical vapor transport (CVT) method. Meanwhile, large-scale β-As nanoflake was transformed using the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-assisted dry transfer method and was placed on the end cap of optical fiber with high coverage over the core area. Moreover, the β-As was used as a saturable absorber in ytterbium-doped fiber ring cavity resonance, and we demonstrated near-infrared ultrafast pulse fiber laser with the central wavelength, repetition rate, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 1,037.3 nm, 0.6 MHz, and 67.7 dB, respectively. This research demonstrates a 2D material small area deterministic transfer method and promotes the potential application of group-VA crystals in near-infrared ultrafast laser generation.
Highlights
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted various interests since the first discovery of monolayer graphene in 2004 and have shown great potential in near-infrared ultrashort pulse fiber laser generation
Growth Method β-phase arsenic (β-As) crystalline bulks were synthesized by using the chemical vapor transport (CVT) method (Xu et al, 2020c) in a furnace with two temperature zones, as schematically shown in Figure 1A, where the red area indicates the high temperature zone and the green area indicates the low temperature zone
The as-sealed quartz tube was placed in the furnace (OTF-1200X), and the temperature program of high temperature zone was set as a program curve: heating up to 500°C within 5 h, keeping at 500°C for 1 h, and cooling down to room temperature in 5 h
Summary
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted various interests since the first discovery of monolayer graphene in 2004 and have shown great potential in near-infrared ultrashort pulse fiber laser generation. The wide bandgap (0–1.71ev) with adjustable layers are FIGURE 2 | Crystal structure of the β-phase arsenic flakes. With our PDMS-assisted accurate positioning dry transfer method, the gray arsenic nanoflake saturable absorber was prepared on the end cap of optical fiber with 100% yield. The g-As nanoflake-based ytterbiumdoped fiber laser can realize a stable mode-locked pulse with the central wavelength, repetition rate, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 1,037.3 nm, 0.6 MHz, and 67.7 dB, respectively. The corresponding atomic force microscopy (AFM) image is shown in FIGURE 4 | Pulse generation from the Yb-doped fiber ring cavity based on the β-As SA. The lattice fringes marked in the figure shows a fixed spacing, which is measured as 1.88 Å These crystal planes can be indexed to (110) and (2–10), with the zone axis of [001] orientation. In the 3-day sampling period, the pulse sequence and spectral output are basically stable
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