Abstract
The characterization of different vegetation/vehicle densities and their corresponding effects on large-scale channel parameters such as path loss can provide important information during the deployment of wireless communications systems under outdoor conditions. In this work, a deterministic analysis based on ray-launching (RL) simulation and empirical measurements for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications for outdoor parking environments and smart parking solutions is presented. The study was carried out at a frequency of 28 GHz using directional antennas, with the transmitter raised above ground level under realistic use case conditions. Different radio channel impairments were weighed in, considering the progressive effect of first, the density of an incremental obstructed barrier of trees, and the effect of different parked vehicle densities within the parking lot. On the basis of these scenarios, large-scale parameters and temporal dispersion characteristics were obtained, and the effect of vegetation/vehicle density changes was assessed. The characterization of propagation impairments that different vegetation/vehicle densities can impose onto the wireless radio channel in the millimeter frequency range was performed. Finally, the results obtained in this research can aid communication deployment in outdoor parking conditions.
Highlights
With the hope of guiding our future towards greater sustainability, the use of recent advances in communication technologies can support the dream of realizing real smart cities
In contrast with the previous analysis presented in [10], which provided channel characterization in a typical urban environment for a combination of different cases considering obstruction between the transceivers of vehicles of distinct sizes, the aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the propagation phenomena and radio frequency (RF) channel impairments resulting from the presence of different vehicles and vegetation densities in an outdoor smart parking scenario
Tolot assess effects with in a mmWave steerable link, five differe outdoor parking parking lot wasthese evaluated with the assistance assistance of aawireless
Summary
With the hope of guiding our future towards greater sustainability, the use of recent advances in communication technologies can support the dream of realizing real smart cities. The growing pattern of passenger and freight transportation has evidenced that the current transport service structure is limited in many countries [1]. In this sense, different works in the literature have presented optimization models considering all tactical-level decision problems, to maximize the obtained gains from and sustainability of transportation services [2,3,4]. Reference [5] presents a systematic literature review for the socio-technical deliberations related to this topic, where it is shown that the discussion principally comprises technical and regulatory assessments In these envisioned environments, technology and creativity come together with the aim of making society more efficient and sustainable. Considering that, by 2050, about 68% of the world’s people will live in cities [6], it is clear that ITS will be essential within the main structure of smart cities
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