Abstract
Vertebrate color vision requires expression of visual pigments (VPs)with distinct peak spectralsensitivities (λmax)in separate cone photoreceptor populations. VPs consist of a chromophore andassociated opsin protein. λmax is a function of chromophore type and amino acid sequence of the opsin.Minor differences in amino acid sequence can result in large differences in λmax. Elucidating theunderlying mechanisms of this spectral shift in VPs remains a key component to understanding genome tophenome relationships and disease mechanisms, will aid in the development of the field of optogenetics,and will provide a platform for engineering opsin with desirable characteristics.
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