Abstract
A high penetration level of renewable energy in a power system increases variability and uncertainty, which can lead to ramping capability shortage. This makes the stable operation of a power system difficult. However, appropriate management of electric vehicles (EVs) can overcome such difficulties. In this study, EVs were applied as a flexible ramping product (FRP), and a method was developed to increase the system ramping capability. When increasing the FRP to the amount required for the system, the effect on transmission lines cannot be neglected. Thus, the required FRP considering transmission constraints is calculated separately for each zone to secure deliverability. To make adjustment possible, the zonal available capacity is calculated by considering the probabilities of the location and the plugged and charged states of EVs. The applicability of EVs as an FRP resource is examined, and the results showed that they can be used at a more significant level considering the transmission constraints.
Highlights
Researchers have long pointed out the problems with power system operation due to increased renewable energy use
An flexible ramping product (FRP) is extremely necessary for enhanced system flexibility and operational efficiency, for systems with a significant proportion of power generated from renewable resources [13,14]
This paper proposed a method of applying electric vehicles (EVs) as an FRP in a power system including renewable energy
Summary
Researchers have long pointed out the problems with power system operation due to increased renewable energy use. An FRP is extremely necessary for enhanced system flexibility and operational efficiency, for systems with a significant proportion of power generated from renewable resources [13,14]. Vehicle-to-grid may serve as a storage resource for handling the intermittency of renewable energy output [22] Existing research from this perspective has mostly applied EVs for frequency regulation [23] or providing reserve resources [24,25]. The paper proposes a method of optimizing the operation of a power system with energy and FRPs using a conventional generator and EVs considering the charging and discharging characteristics of EVs. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the methodology of utilizing EVs as an FRP.
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