Determining Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit of Clay Soils by Electrical Surface Conduction and Diffuse Double Layer Thickness

Abstract

The aim of this study was to propose a new approach to determine the liquid limit and plastic limit of clay soils by considering electrical conductivity (EC) measurements. The proposed method included incorporating a new parameter, F, which is the ratio of the volumetric water contents of diffuse double layer (DDL) water and free water. In addition, the EC parameter, σ, was considered as the ratio of electrical surface conductivity and electrical conductivity of water. The changes in the thickness of DDL (χ) were also assessed to obtain corresponding equations to establish a connection with clay mineralogy, water content, and specific gravity in the final prediction. Three-dimensional surface analyses were conducted to find a correlation among F, σ, and χ to identify an appropriate method to predict liquid limit and plastic limit. The study was conducted with 39 different types of samples, and the outcomes from the EC approach were validated against the conventional methods. Overall, the coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.90, and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, (LCCC) = 0.91, were obtained for liquid limit prediction, whereas R2 = 0.64 and LCCC = 0.80 were obtained for plastic limit determination.