Abstract
Our aim was to work out such new maize fertilizer methods and models which can reduce the harmful effects of fertilization, canmaintain the soil fertility and can moderate the yield fluctuation (nowadays 50-60 %).The soil of our experimental projects was meadow soil. The soil could be characterized by high clay content and pour phosphorus andmedium potassium contents. In the last decade, out of ten years six years were dry and hot in our region. So the importance of crop-rotationis increasing and we have to strive for using the appropriate crop rotation.The yields of maize in monoculture crop rotation decreased by 1-3 t ha-1 in each dry year during the experiment (1983, 1990, 1992,1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2003, and 2007). The most favourable forecrop of maize was wheat, medium was the biculture crop rotationand the worst crop rotation was the monoculture.There is a strong correlation between the sowing time and the yield of maize hybrids, but this interactive effect can be modified by theamount and distribution of precipitation in the vegetation period. At the early sowing time, the grain moistures were 5-12 % lower comparedto the late sowing time and 4-5 % lower compared to the optimum sowing treatment.There are great differences among the plant density of different maize hybrids. There are hybrids sensitive to higher plant density andthere are hybrids with wide and narrow optimum plant densities.The agro-ecological optimum fertilizer dosage of hybrids with a longer season (FAO 400-500) was N 30-40 kg ha-1 higher in favourableyears as compared to early hybrids.We can summarize our results by saying that we have to use hybrid-specific technologies in maize production. In the future, we have toincrease the level of inputs and have to apply the best appropriate hybrids and with respect to the agroecologial conditions, we can betterutilize the genetic yield potential.
Highlights
Regarding the yield, three eras can be differentiated in the history of maize production in Hungary
The yields of maize in monoculture crop rotation decreased by 1-3 t ha-1 in each dry year during the experiment (1983, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2003, and 2007)
In triculture crop rotation the optimum N-dose was 50-60 kg ha-1, and in monoculture the optimum N-doses increased to 100-120 kg ha-1
Summary
Three eras can be differentiated in the history of maize production in Hungary. From until 1980, maize yield increased linearly and from the 1980s until the change of the regime, it reached, exceeded 6 t ha-1. This significant development was due to the increased use of chemicals, improvement of the technology, modern hybrid use and last but not least the breeding and research work performed at the Hungarian research bases. There have been significant changes in the utilization of maize . Its utilization for animal feeding has reduced and the industrial use, especially as a basic material for bioethanol production, has increased. The changes in the utilization of maize modify the quality and inner content requirements . High protein content is required, while for industrial use high carbohydrate content should be targeted
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