Abstract
The inverse problem for vocal tract shape, area function and articulatory parameters was solved for steady-state vowels by means of an optimization procedure requiring the conditional minimum of work on the part of the articulatory organs. One to four formant frequencies were used as references. The shape of the tongue was measured with an X-ray microbeam system for male and female speakers. The shapes of the vocal tract calculated for the experiments are very similar to the measured shapes.
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