Determination of Very Low Concentration of Bisphenol A in Toys and Baby Pacifiers Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction by In Situ Ionic Liquid Formation and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

Yesica Vicente-Martínez,Antonio Soto-Meca,Manuel Caravaca

doi:10.3390/ph13100301

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound used in the manufacturing of plastics and resins whose presence in the body in low concentrations can cause serious health problems. Due to this, there is a growing interest in the scientific community to develop analytical methods that allow quantifying trace concentrations of BPA in different types of samples. The determination of this compound in toys made of plastics that can be manipulated by children leads to an extra concern, because it is possible for BPA to enter the body by introducing these toys into the mouth. This work presents a novel procedure to the quickly and easily quantification of trace levels of BPA in samples of toys and pacifiers according to the current demanding regulations. The determination of very low levels of BPA was carried out by ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The formation in situ of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethane)sulfonyl)imide ([C8MIm] [NTf2]), was achieved by mixing 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C8MIm]Cl) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([NTf2]Li) aqueous solutions, reaching an instant dispersion whose cloud of microdrops allows the total extraction of BPA in the IL from aqueous solutions. After centrifugation, BPA concentration in the sedimented phase was determined by HPLC. The optimal experimental conditions for the microextraction and determination of BPA in the IL were studied. The total extraction was achieved at pH 4, heating the sample at 30 °C for 5 min, using 100 µL of IL precursor volume, and spinning after the formation of dispersion at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The enrichment factor (EF) and detection limit (LOD) reached with the procedure were 299 and 0.19 µg L−1, respectively. The relative standard deviation for ten replications at the 0.5 µg L−1 level was 5.2%. Recovery studies showed a mean value for BPA recovery percentage in the samples of 99%. Additionally, a hybrid model was applied to characterize the extraction kinetics. This simple, low cost and fast method simplifies traditional microextraction techniques, representing an outstanding alternative.

Highlights

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound widely used in the manufacturing of plastics and epoxy resins, which are later employed in toys and bottle teats production
The European Union established a specific migration limit (SML) of 0.04 mg L−1 for BPA used in toys for children under 36 months [4]
The procedure consists of the in situ formation of an ionic liquid through a metathesis reaction of its precursors, providing a dispersed medium which allows the instantaneous extraction of BPA in IL under very mild and simple experimental conditions

Summary

Introduction

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound widely used in the manufacturing of plastics and epoxy resins, which are later employed in toys and bottle teats production. Trace residue levels of BPA cause serious problems in the normal function of the endocrine system [1], being a mutagenic and carcinogenic compound. Epidemiologic literature reports relationship between low BPA levels and pubertal development, fetal and childhood growth or metabolic and reproductive diseases, among others [2]. The European Union established a specific migration limit (SML) of 0.04 mg L−1 for BPA used in toys for children under 36 months [4]. The European Commission established a ban on the use of BPA in the manufacturing of polycarbonate baby bottles for infants in 2011 [5]

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