Abstract
A diatomite supported graphene oxide composite (GO@Dt–NH2) was fabricated and explored as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent coupled with high performance liquid chromatography to determine the trace hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (2-hydroxy-naphthalene, 2-hydroxy-fluorene, 1-hydroxy-phenanthrene, and 1-hydroxy-pyrene) in urine samples. The fabricated composites were characterized by X-ray powder diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. GO@Dt–NH2 offered enhanced adsorption affinity towards the analytes compared with the bare diatomite. The amount of graphene oxide and the factors affecting solid-phase extraction were investigated in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the method gave good linearity (0.30–200 ng/mL) and a low detection limit (0.10–0.15 ng/mL) for the hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The average recovery for spiked urine samples with three levels ranged from 90.6% to 100%. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were in the range of 1.8–6.4% and 2.7–11.8%, respectively. Besides, the GO@Dt–NH2 provided enrichment factors of 18–20 and superior purification ability. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine samples from smoking volunteers.
Highlights
The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine samples from smoking volunteers
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of ubiquitous environmental contaminants originating from the incomplete combustion and pyrolysis of organic materials such as wood, fossil fuels, and tobacco [1]
To overcome the main obstacles for the direct application of Graphene oxide (GO) and benefit from the advantages of Dt, we report the synthesis of a novel composite, namely Dt-supported GO, and the application for solid-phase extraction (SPE) of OH-PAHs in urine
Summary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of ubiquitous environmental contaminants originating from the incomplete combustion and pyrolysis of organic materials such as wood, fossil fuels, and tobacco [1]. Human exposure to these compounds occurs in multiple sources, including the environment (polluted air and drinking water), occupation (coke oven or aluminum and steel manufacture), personal habits (smoking), and diet (barbecue, roasting, broiling, or cooked foods) [2]. Chronic exposure to PAHs has been associated with lung cancer [3,4,5], peripheral arterial disease [6], female breast cancer [7], and colorectal cancer [8].
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