Determination of trace lead in water samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration with nanometer titanium dioxide immobilized on silica gel

Abstract

Nanometer titanium dioxide immobilized on silica gel (immobilized nanometer TiO 2) was prepared by sol–gel method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The adsorptive capability of immobilized nanometer TiO 2 for lead was assessed in this work using column method. It was found that lead can be quantitatively retained by immobilized nanometer TiO 2 in the pH range 4–7, then eluted completely with 1.0 mol L −1 HCl. The adsorption capacity of immobilized nanometer TiO 2 for Pb was found to be 3.16 mg g −1. A new method has been developed for the determination of trace lead based on preconcentration with a microcolumn packed with immobilized nanometer TiO 2 prior to its determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The detection limit of this method for Pb was 9.5 ng L −1 with an enrichment factor of 50, and the relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) was 3.2% at the 10 ng mL −1 Pb level. The method was validated using a certified reference material, and was applied for the determination of trace lead in water samples.