Abstract
Graphene/gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)/hexaammineruthenium [Ru(NH3)6]3+/Nafion modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) were fabricated via the drop coating method. Cyclic voltammetry characterization of the fabricated electrodes revealed that increasing scan rates produced linearly increasing peak currents signifying a diffusion-controlled process in the electrochemical system. It was determined that the GCE modified with 2 mg graphene, 3 mg AuNPs and 1.5 mg [Ru(NH3)6]3+ exhibited the highest sensitivity in the determination of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ via anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). All calibration curves obtained using the said electrode showed a linear relationship between heavy metal concentration and peak current and the detection limits were found to be 0.74 ppb for Pb2+, 37 ppb for Cd2+ and 945 ppb for Cu2+. The modified electrode was successful in determining traces of Pb(II), Cu(I), Cu(II), Sn(IV) and Hg(II) in canned food samples. All trace heavy metal determination results from ASV were compared with the standard procedure of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
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