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Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are emerging, opportunistic, food-borne pathogens associated with infections like meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and septicaemia in premature and immunocompromised neonates and infants. The phylogenetic relatedness of three Cronobacter species isolated from powdered infant formula retailed in Nigeria was carried out using a Pan-Genomic DNA Microarray constituting 19,287 independent genes representing 15 Cronobacter genomes and 18 plasmids and 2,371 virulence genes of phylogenetically related Gram-negative bacteria. The hybridization results showed that Cronobacter malonaticus (CS14) and Cronobacter sakazakii (CS17 and CS124) clustered with powdered infant formula environmental and clinical strains of C. malonaticus and C. sakazakii isolated from countries like Jordan, Czech Republic, Ireland and USA with a significant relatedness greater than 80%. The sequence types of C. malonaticus CS14 was ST303 and C. sakakakii CS17 and CS124 were ST304 and ST296, respectively. Some virulence genes (integrase of Shigella flexnerri bacteriophage X, hypothetical protein z1655, dihydrofolate reductase, and formate acetyltransferase 1) were detected in CS124 and CS17. Adequate regulatory measures should be applied to monitor imported and locally produced powdered infant formulae to prevent contamination with Cronobacter spp. and other food borne pathogens to ensure the safety of vulnerable neonates and infants.
Highlights
IntroductionThe phylogenic divergence of the genus Cronobacter and the genomic diversity among each member of the genus has been reported (Tall et al, 2015), with the pan genomic microarray evaluating the global genomic diversity among the seven species of Cronobacter, and discriminating among individual and closely related strains within each species
The genus contains seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis, and Cronobacter condimenti with C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus forming the majority of clinical isolates in all age groups with a greater incidence in the very young and elderly, the immunocompromised (Patrick et al, 2014)
The goal of this study was to determine the phylogenetic relatedness of Cronobacter spp. isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF) retailed in Nigeria using Pan–Genomic DNA Microarray
Summary
The phylogenic divergence of the genus Cronobacter and the genomic diversity among each member of the genus has been reported (Tall et al, 2015), with the pan genomic microarray evaluating the global genomic diversity among the seven species of Cronobacter, and discriminating among individual and closely related strains within each species. This is important in microbial source tracking investigations during food borne outbreaks. The pan genomic DNA microarray with its concise annotation can differentiate each Cronobacter species and correctly identify and characterize the phylogenetic relatedness among strains isolated during surveillance and outbreak investigations
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