Abstract
The tilt angle with the horizon (with respect to the ground) of the solar energy system affects the amount of solar radiation received. This paper suggests a simple and universal method to obtain the optimum tilt angles by estimating the monthly mean daily global solar radiation on tilted surfaces facing directly towards the equator, which is based on monthly average daily global solar radiation data produced from Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) data. The monthly, seasonal, and yearly optimum tilt angles for photovoltaic panels are calculated at six stations of different climatic types (Tropical Zone (TZ), Subtropical Zone (SZ), Warm Temperate Zone (WTZ), Mid Temperate Zone (MTZ), Cold Temperate Zone (CTZ) and Tibetan Plateau Zone (TPZ)). The results indicate that changing the monthly, seasonal, and yearly optimum tilt angles causes a significant yearly gain in the solar radiation for the region. In addition, general correlations are generated to estimate the optimum tilt angle of solar collectors at six typical climatic stations of China. The performances of the proposed models are compared using statistical error tests such as the mean absolute bias error (MABE), the root mean square error (RMSE) and the correlation coefficients (R).
Highlights
The performance of a photovoltaic panel is highly influenced by its tilt angle with the horizontal surface because the tilt angle changes the solar radiation reaching the surface of the collector [1,2]
Taking Harbin as an example, the calculated data generated by the above method are given in Table 6, including the monthly mean daily extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface (H0), the clearness index of the sky (KT), diffuse solar radiation on a horizontal surface (Hd), the optimum tilt angle, the monthly mean daily global solar radiation on an optimum tilt surface (HT), and the comparison of H and HT
The results show that the calculated maximum and minimum monthly optimum tilt angles are9.7 ̋ (June, Sanya) and 78.4 ̋ (December, Mohe) at six typical stations
Summary
The performance of a photovoltaic panel is highly influenced by its tilt angle with the horizontal surface (with respect to the ground) because the tilt angle changes the solar radiation reaching the surface of the collector [1,2]. The best way to collect the maximum daily energy is to use a tracking system. A tracking system is a mechanical device that tracks the sun on its daily sweep across the sky. Most photovoltaic (PV) modules are not suited for tracking, as they collect more sunlight and, produce more electricity if they are always oriented toward the sun. It is often practical to orient the solar collector at an optimum tilt angle and to correct the tilt from time to time
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