Determination of the critical micelle concentration of surfactants using the fluorescent probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine

Abstract

The fluorescence quantum yield of N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN) increases about 10-fold and the wavelength of maximum fluorescence emission is blue-shifted when this molecule partitions into the apolar core of micellar structures from the aqueous phase. This property allowed the utilization of NPN as a fluorescent indicator of micelle formation by 14 different surfactants belonging to the families of alkyltrimethylammonium halides, alkylsulfates, alkylbetaines, alkylglucosides, and bile salts. The critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) determined with NPN agreed well with literature values. In this work NPN was used at a concentration of 10 −6 m which allowed determination of CMCs in the range between ∼10 −5 and >10 −2 m. With high-sensitivity instrumentation considerably lower NPN concentrations can be used and consequently considerably lower CMCs can be rapidly and accurately determined.