Abstract
The volumetric swelling of Soma-Isiklar lignite (Turkey) has been studied. Methanol, toluene, benzene, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), pyridine, dioxane, ethylenediamine (ETDA), dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were used as swelling agents. The effects of pre-swelling and acid washing (1 N HCl) on swelling ratio and on the extraction yields of the raw or pretreated lignites have been examined. Furthermore, the relationship between the degree of swelling and the solvent properties (solubility parameter (δ), donor number (DN), and cross-sectional area of the solvent molecules) was investigated. It was found that a strong relation between the degree of swelling and the donor numbers of the solvents exists. According to the results, it can be said that the cross-linked structure of the lignite is responsible for the swelling. Moreover, it was observed that pre-swelling and acid washing increased the extraction yields.
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