Abstract
Abstract The progress of smoltification was quantified with an enzyme assay (gill sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, or “Na+, K+-ATPase,” activity) in nonnative populations of migratory salmonines that are stocked or naturally spawned in Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior. This information was needed to develop stocking strategies that would maximize imprinting at intended locations and to determine the causes and consequences of early emigration in stream-reared fish. Species and strains tested included (1) chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha during hatchery rearing and after stocking, (2) two strains of O. mykiss—steelhead (naturalized) and a Kamloops (hatchery) strain of migratory rainbow trout—during hatchery rearing and after stocking, and (3) stream-reared steelhead emigrants captured in smolt traps. The ATPase activity level that distinguished smolts from nonsmolts was 11 μmol Pi · (mg protein)−1 · h−1 for chinook salmon and 10 μmol Pi · (mg protein)−1 · h−1 for all groups...
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