Abstract
Background: Radioembolization with Yttrium-90 (90 Y) microspheres is becoming a more widely used transcatheter treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using post-treatment 90 Y positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) scans, the distribution of microspheres within the liver can be determined and quantitatively assessed. We studied the radiation dose of 90 Y delivered to liver and treated tumors.Methods: This retrospective study of 56 patients with HCC, including analysis of 98 liver tumors, measured and correlated the dose of radiation delivered to liver tumors and normal liver tissue using glass microspheres (TheraSpheres®) to the frequency of complications with modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (mRECIST). 90 Y PET/CT and triphasic liver CT scans were used to contour treated tumor and normal liver regions and determine their respective activity concentrations. An absorbed dose factor was used to convert the measured activity concentration (Bq/mL) to an absorbed dose (Gy).Results: The 98 studied tumors received a mean dose of 169 Gy (mode 90–120 Gy; range 0–570 Gy). Tumor response by mRECIST criteria was performed for 48 tumors that had follow-up scans. There were 21 responders (mean dose 215 Gy) and 27 non-responders (mean dose 167 Gy). The association between mean tumor absorbed dose and response suggests a trend but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.099). Normal liver tissue received a mean dose of 67 Gy (mode 60–70 Gy; range 10–120 Gy). There was a statistically significant association between absorbed dose to normal liver and the presence of two or more severe complications (p = 0.036).Conclusion: Our cohort of patients showed a possible dose–response trend for the tumors. Collateral dose to normal liver is non-trivial and can have clinical implications. These methods help us understand whether patient adverse events, treatment success, or treatment failure can be attributed to the dose that the tumor or normal liver received.
Highlights
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) affects approximately 500,000 people worldwide, representing the third leading cause of cancer related deaths and the sixth most prevalent cancer [1, 2]
The obesity epidemic has contributed to an increase in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can eventually progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC [1]
While the biodistribution map that comes from 90Y positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) scan is itself very useful for determining the extent of treatment coverage, it is the quantitative aspect of PET that is still largely untapped
Summary
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) affects approximately 500,000 people worldwide, representing the third leading cause of cancer related deaths and the sixth most prevalent cancer [1, 2]. Axelrod and von Leeuwen have reported that the incidence of HCC has “more than doubled, from 2.6 to 5.2 per 100,000 population” over the past 20 years, with an increase in mortality from 2.8 to 4.7 per 100,000 [1]. Owing to this increase in incidence is the earlier acquisition of hepatitis B and C in conjunction with high-risk behavior [1]. Ideal candidates for resection are those patients with small solitary tumors and preserved liver www.frontiersin.org. Radioembolization with Yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres is becoming a more widely used transcatheter treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We studied the radiation dose of 90Y delivered to liver and treated tumors
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