Abstract
The presence of undesirable compounds in honey and other bee products may modify their biological attributes. Such molecules may be present because of different human activities (i.e., pollutants, pesticides) or because of veterinary treatments designed to control and prevent diseases that affect bees. The use of pesticides in agricultural crops has been related with negative effects with and acute damages for bees. The widespread agricultural use of neonicotinoids is a common exposure pathway for bees, and it may be an important factor in declining bee health. In 2013, the European Union has forbidden the use of three pesticides belonging to the neonicotinoids: Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, and Clothianidin after the analysis of several scientific results of some studies where those pesticides were involved in an increased death of bees.
Highlights
Honey has been described as a natural sweet mixture produced by honeybees from the nectar of flowers or from living parts of plants
Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) procedures are recommended for cleaning the samples, followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or Capillary Electrophoresis, CE [11]
The identification and detection of pesticides in the final content of honey and beeswax could be useful for beekeepers for understanding one of the potential causes of bee death
Summary
Honey has been described as a natural sweet mixture produced by honeybees from the nectar of flowers or from living parts of plants. An analysis of the phenolic compounds profile of unifloral Rhododendron honey produced in Turkey demonstrated that increased antioxidant activity was related to higher concentrations of those molecules. Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) procedures are recommended for cleaning the samples, followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or Capillary Electrophoresis, CE [11] Those techniques have been used to determine the chemical profiles of natural products from extracts obtained from complex organic matrices such as honey. Three different extracts were produced (ethanolic, aqueous-ethanolic, and aqueous-glycolic extracts) to compare the levels of available analytes in each one After this procedure, it was possible to establish a reproducible fingerprint of the polyphenolic profiles, the pattern of which depended on the nature of the extraction solvent [13]. The colorimetric assays for the general quantification of phenolics is done by Folin–Ciocalteu reaction; assessment of radical scavenging using the reduction reaction of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is a very helpful method for this aim [3]; the assessment of antioxidant activity using the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP) [14, 15] and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) [16] has been frequently used
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