Abstract
A method using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) based on low density solvent (LDS) combined with liquid chromatography with diode array detection (LC-DAD) has been developed for determination of parabens. Some DLLME parameters such as kind and volumes of extraction and disperser solvents, pH of the aqueous samples, ionic strength, extraction, centrifugation and speed time, were investigated. The method exhibits good linearity (0.9990 to 0.9993), limits of detection (0.5-0.8 µg L-1), and limits of quantification (1.3-2.4 µg L-1). In optimum conditions, enrichment factors and recoveries of studied parabens obtained were 38.9 to 88.4% and 30.3 to 68.0%, respectively. Surface water samples collected from Mogi Guacu River (Sao Paulo state, Brazil) were analyzed, showing average contents of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and n-butylparaben of 8.0, 5.8, 13.1 and 15.1 µg L-1, respectively. This is the first study on parabens in a Brazilian River, in a long stretch of river (ca. 300 km of extension).
Highlights
Parabens are widely used as antibacterial, antifungal and preservative agents in food and beverages, pharmaceutical and personal care products
The aim of this work is report an application of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) based on low density solvents (LDS) combined with liquid chromatography with diode array detector (LC‐DAD) method for the simultaneous separation and determination of four parabens in river water samples
There are a lot of parameters that affect the DLLME performance and efficiency, such as sample volume,[3,18,28] types and volumes of extraction[1,2,3,4,18,24,25,26,27,28,29,33] and disperser solvents,[1,3,5,25,27] pH of the aqueous samples,[1,3,4,5,18,24,25,28] salt addition,[1,3,4,18,25,26,27,28,29] extraction,[1,4,18,24,25,28,29] centrifugation and speed time.[18]
Summary
Parabens are widely used as antibacterial, antifungal and preservative agents in food and beverages, pharmaceutical and personal care products Often these products contain two or more parabens as part of a preservative system.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] this group exhibit estrogenic activity and possible effects on the endocrine system of humans, aquatic and wildlife.[1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9] It is believed that contamination of aquatic ecosystems by parabens depends on the geographical location (rural, urban or industrial region),[6,8,10,11,12] weather conditions (dry or wet season),[13] as well as proximity and efficiency, or inefficiency, of wastewater treatment plants.[6,7,14,15] Most parabens are frequently found in river water at concentrations reaching from ng L-1 to μg L ,-1 6‐8,10‐15 and their levels depend mainly on the extent of water dilution resulting from rainfall.[11].
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