Determination of Nitrofuran in Aquaculture Water by Polycrystal Violet Sensor

Abstract

The aim of this study is to develop an electrochemical sensor that can detect nitrofuran antibiotic residues in aquaculture water with high sensitivity and selectivity. The polycrystal violet modified glassy carbon electrode (PCV/GCE) was prepared by electropolymerizing crystal violet monomer onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The optimal preparation and analytical conditions for the sensor were investigated using furazolidone (FZD) as a research model for nitrofurans. The morphology and electrochemical behavior of the sensor were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry(CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the PCV/GCE sensor exhibited a good response to nitrofuran antibiotics. The linear ranges for FZD were 0.25 ∼ 28.0 μM and 28.0 ∼ 60 μM, respectively with detection limits of 0.18 μM. For nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazon, the linear ranges were 6.0 ∼ 40 μM and 3.5 ∼ 20 μM, respectively with detection limits of 0.20 μM and 0.14 μM. The spiked recoveries in real water samples tested ranged from 84% to 106.3%. This method has potential applications for the sensitive detection of nitrofuran antibiotics in aquaculture water due to its low analytical cost and simple sensor preparation.