Abstract
Non-invasive blood glucose measurement using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy relies on wavebands that provide reliable information about spectral absorption. In this study, we investigated wavebands which are informative for blood glucose in the NIR shortwave band (900∼1450 nm) and the first overtone band (1450∼1700 nm) through a specially designed NIR Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS), which featured a test fixture (where a sample or subject’s finger could be placed) and all-reflective optics, except for a Michelson structure. Different concentrations of glucose solution and seven volunteers who had undergone oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were studied to acquire transmission spectra in the shortwave band and the first overtone band. Characteristic peaks of glucose absorption were identified from the spectra of glucose aqueous solution by second-order derivative processing. The wavebands linked to blood glucose were successfully estimated through spectra of the middle fingertip of OGTT participants by a simple linear regression and correlation coefficient. The light intensity difference showed that glucose absorption in the first overtone band was much more prominent than it was in the shortwave band. The results of the SLR model established from seven OGTTs in total on seven participants enabled a positive estimation of the glucose-linked wavelength. It is suggested that wavebands with prominent characteristic peaks, a high correlation coefficient between blood glucose and light intensity difference and a relatively low standard deviation of predicted values will be the most informative wavebands for transmission non-invasive blood glucose measurement methods. This work provides a guidance for waveband selection for the development of non-invasive NIR blood glucose measurement.
Highlights
Poor and uninformative for providing blood glucose information, because they are obscured by the absorption of water and other bodily components, such as hemoglobin, fats, and protein.[6,7] changes in the external environment, such as physical temperature, time, or machine drift or angle changes in spectral collection could seriously affect the reliability of the measurement.[8,9] Many researchers have attempted to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of near infrared (NIR) spectra, the experimental setup and multivariate calibration algorithms
There were 105 sets of transmission spectra recorded in the shortwave band from glucose solutions, but only 35 sets of averaged spectral data are shown in Fig. 3(a), in which the curves were preprocessed using formula (4)
Characteristic peaks of glucose absorption in the shortwave band were confirmed from the spectra of the glucose solutions
Summary
Poor and uninformative for providing blood glucose information, because they are obscured by the absorption of water and other bodily components, such as hemoglobin, fats, and protein.[6,7] changes in the external environment, such as physical temperature, time, or machine drift or angle changes in spectral collection could seriously affect the reliability of the measurement.[8,9] Many researchers have attempted to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of NIR spectra, the experimental setup and multivariate calibration algorithms. To acquire information about blood glucose absorption, many researchers have investigated the correlation between glucose and different NIR wavebands through transmission and reflective approaches. Uwadaira et al.[10] performed 391 twohour carbohydrate tolerance tests using 34 participants to acquire a large data set of reflection spectra through the palm of the right-hand They proposed that combination vibrations of CH at 1018 nm, the second overtone of the NH vibration at 1030 nm and the combination vibrations of CH at 1042 nm should be considered to be characteristic for NIR non-invasive blood glucose measurement. It has proven difficult to establish a precise correlation between these wavebands and blood glucose Another recent report from Goodarzi et al presented a method for selecting the most informative wavebands in the shortwave band (900∼1450 nm), the first overtone band (1450∼1700 nm) and the combination band (2000∼2300 nm). Characteristic peaks of glucose absorption and the correlation between blood glucose concentration and light intensity difference were provided for the various spectra obtained, enabling the wavebands linked to blood glucose to be discriminated for a transmission measurement method
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