Abstract
The present study investigated the occurrence of selected micropollutants, including emerging contaminants from a group of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water samples from swimming pool systems. The study area was selected based on the lack of available information regarding suspected contamination of swimming pool water by PPCPs. The variety and concentration of chemical compounds in these aquatic systems can be quite diversified, presenting a challenge in terms of both purification and quality control. Determination of PPCPs requires very sensitive analytical methods that make it possible to confirm the presence of tested compounds in a complex organic extract. In this field, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can be used. With this system, selected ion monitoring can be performed, which reduces the detection limits of the investigated analyte. This paper aims to present an analytical method and strategy that can be adapted to obtain information on the composition of water in swimming pool systems. The sample preparation methodology, including Solid Phase Extraction, has been developed for the trace determination of two pharmaceuticals—caffeine, carbamazepine—and one sunscreen constituent—benzophenone-3—in swimming pool water samples.
Highlights
Maintaining the microbial water quality in order to inhibit the spread of infections and diseases is the priority for all swimming pool owners and managers
There are a number of disinfectants that have been used in swimming pools with the potential to produce a wide range of disinfection by-products (DBPs) through reaction with organic and inorganic matter; this has been well established from studies on disinfection of drinking water
This paper presents a selection of procedure for determining the concentration of three compounds from the macro-group of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)
Summary
Maintaining the microbial water quality in order to inhibit the spread of infections and diseases is the priority for all swimming pool owners and managers. There are a number of disinfectants that have been used in swimming pools with the potential to produce a wide range of disinfection by-products (DBPs) through reaction with organic and inorganic matter; this has been well established from studies on disinfection of drinking water. DBPs are formed in swimming pool systems compared to drinking water [3]. There are many studies on chemical contaminants in swimming pools focusing on the occurrence of DBPs [3,4,5,6]. Some authors have concluded that further research is needed to evaluate potential health risk from DBPs and from other chemicals occurring in swimming pools [7,8]. Research on pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in swimming pools are still in their infancy and available data are limited
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