Abstract
The determination of elements in biological and environmental samples such as wastewater, river water, rain water, birch leaves, grass and dust collected in the Federal Republic of Germany by neutron activation, X-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, polarography and voltammetry is described. Some of these samples require enrichment or separation steps before they can be analyzed. The chemical forms of elements can be determined in liquid samples by ion chromatography, electrochemical methods, ion exchange and sorption techniques, optical spectrometry, coprecipitation and extraction. The speciation of toxic elements in solid samples has been performed by leaching experiments, IR-spectrometry, electron microscopy with a microprobe, light microscopy and by X-ray diffractometry.
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