Abstract
The rapid expansion of coal-fired power plants around the world has produced a huge volume of toxic elements associated with combustion residues such as coal fly ash (CFA) and coal ash (CA), which pose great threats to the global environment. It is therefore crucial for environmental science to monitor the migration and emission pathway of toxic elements such as CFA and CA. Lead isotopes have proved to be powerful tracers capable of dealing with this issue. Unfortunately, up to now, few high precision lead isotope data of CFA and CA certified reference materials (CRMs) determined by using the double spike technique have been reported. Hence, to facilitate the application of lead isotopes in environmental science, it is indispensable and urgent to determine a suite of high precision Pb isotope ratios and Pb elemental contents for CFA and CA CRMs. Here, we measured lead isotope ratios from four CFA and CA CRMs using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) combined with the 204Pb–207Pb double spike method. Lead isotope ratios values of CRMs (GBW11124, GBW08401, GBW11125d, and JCFA-1) covered wide variation ranges from 17.993 to 19.228 for 206Pb/204Pb, from 15.513 to 15.675 for 207Pb/204Pb, and from 38.184 to 39.067 for 208Pb/204Pb. Lead isotope ratios of these CRMs, except for GBW11124, show good external reproducibility (2 RSD, n = 8), which is better than 0.05% for 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb, 0.07% for 208Pb/204Pb, 0.04% for 206Pb/207Pb, and 0.05% for 208Pb/206Pb. The Pb concentrations of these CRMs were determined using 207Pb single spike method. The reproducibility (1 RSD, n = 4) of Pb elemental content was <0.60%. This indicates the distribution of Pb elements in these CRMs is homogeneous. With the exception of GBW11124, the suite of CRMs can be used for determining CFA and CA matrix composition for quality control of Pb isotope analyses.
Highlights
Accumulation of toxic metals, such as lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd), in the human body from rapid industrialization and urbanization can lead to a range of health problems and increaseInt
In contrast to other analytical techniques, the merit of isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) is that even part loss of analyte during sample treatment does not affect the accuracy of the analytical result
IDMS is considered a benchmark technique of elemental content analysis for certified reference materials (CRMs) [22,24,25,28,39]. It is especially true for ID combined with thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) (ID-TIMS method) due to its high precision and accuracy
Summary
Accumulation of toxic metals, such as lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd), in the human body from rapid industrialization and urbanization can lead to a range of health problems and increaseInt. Accumulation of toxic metals, such as lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd), in the human body from rapid industrialization and urbanization can lead to a range of health problems and increase. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4772; doi:10.3390/ijerph16234772 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4772 the risk of cancer once the safe dose levels are exceeded [1]. For lead, often known as a “chemical time bomb” due to its known toxicity, lead contamination can cause adverse effects on nervous, hemopoietic, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems in the human body [2]. As one of the classical fossil fuels in industrialization and urbanization history, coal has been the foundation of energy generation since the industrial revolution in the late 18th century. According to EIA’s International Energy Outlook 2008 [4], fossil fuels currently account for 86% of the primary energy demand
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