Determination of lead and cadmium in seawater using a vibrating silver amalgam microwire electrode

Abstract

Silver amalgamated electrodes are a good substrate to determine lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in seawater because they have properties similar to mercury but without the free mercury (Hg). Here a silver amalgamated microwire (SAM) electrode is optimised for the determination of Pb and Cd in coastal waters and uncontaminated ocean waters. The SAM was vibrated during the deposition step to increase the sensitivity, and electroanalytical parameters were optimised. The Hg coating required plating from a relatively concentrated (millimolar) solution, much greater (500×) than used for instance to coat glassy carbon electrodes. However, the coating on the ex situ amalgamated electrode was found to be stable and could be used for up to a week to determine trace levels of Pb in seawater of natural pH. The limit of detection square-wave ASV (50Hz) using the pre-plated SAM electrode was 8pM Pb using a 1-min plating time at pH 4.5. The limit of detection in pH 2 seawater was 4pM using a 5-min plating time, and it was 12pM using a 10-min plating time at natural pH in the presence of air, using a square-wave frequency of 700Hz. The vibrating SAM electrode was tested on the determination of Pb in reference seawater samples from the open Atlantic (at the 20pM level), Pacific, and used for a study of Pb in samples collected over 24h in Liverpool Bay (Irish Sea).