Abstract
In the present contribution, new-generation bar adsorptive microextraction devices combined with microliquid desorption, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (BAµE-µLD/HPLC–DAD) are proposed for the determination of two very polar ultraviolet (UV) filters (2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBS) and 5-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid (BZ4)) in aqueous media. Different sorbents were evaluated as BAµE coating phases, in which polystyrene–divinylbenzene polymer showed the best selectivity for the analysis of both UV filters, with average extraction efficiency of 61.8 ± 9.1% for PBS and 69.5 ± 4.8% for BZ4. The validated method showed great reproducibility for the analysis of PBS and BZ4 UV filters, providing suitable limits of detection (0.04 µg L−1 and 0.20 µg L−1), as well as good linear dynamic ranges (0.16–16.0 and 0.8–80.0 µg L−1), respectively. The proposed methodology was applied for monitoring the target analytes in several real matrices, including tap, sea, and estuarine waters, as well as wastewater samples. Despite some matrix effects being observed for some real samples, good selectivity and linearity were obtained. The present contribution showed an innovative analytical cycle that includes the use of disposable devices, which make BAµE much more user-friendly and suitable for the routine work, being a remarkable analytical alternative for trace analysis of priority compounds in real matrices.
Highlights
In the last decades, many improvements have been introduced in the field of sample preparation, aiming at simplification, miniaturization, easy manipulation, as well as the reduction of the use of toxic organic solvents, in compliance with the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles
The present contribution showed an innovative analytical cycle that includes the use of disposable devices, which make BAμE much more user-friendly and suitable for the routine work, being a remarkable analytical alternative for trace analysis of priority compounds in real matrices
Many improvements have been introduced in the field of sample preparation, aiming at simplification, miniaturization, easy manipulation, as well as the reduction of the use of toxic organic solvents, in compliance with the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles
Summary
Many improvements have been introduced in the field of sample preparation, aiming at simplification, miniaturization, easy manipulation, as well as the reduction of the use of toxic organic solvents, in compliance with the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles. In this context, the sorption-based techniques have played an important role, mainly for trace analysis of complex matrices. In BAμE, a bar-shaped polypropylene device (7.5 mm in length and 3 mm in diameter) coated with a convenient sorbent phase is used, simultaneously with a conventional Teflon magnetic stirring bar at the bottom of the sampling flask. BAμE is very cost-effective, and the great advantage over other sorption-based methodologies is that the analytical
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