Abstract
Water pollution, especially by inorganic and organic substances, is considered as a critical problem worldwide. Several governmental agencies are listing an increasing number of compounds as serious problems in water because of their toxicity, bioaccumulation, and persistence. In recent decades, there has been considerable research on developing analytical methods of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants from water. Ionic liquids, as the environment-friendly solvents, have been applied in the analytical process owing to their unique physicochemical properties. This review summarizes the applications of ionic liquids in the determination of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants in water samples. In addition, some sorbents that were modified physically or chemically by ionic liquids were applied in the adsorption of pollutants. According to the results in all references, the application of new designed ionic liquids and related sorbents is expected to increase in the future
Highlights
From the industrial revolution to today, environmental pollutions caused by heavy metals and toxic organic compounds are an enormous problem worldwide [1]. e pollution of rivers and streams with chemical contaminants has become one of the most critical environmental problems of the century
Software with a design process was used to assist in the experiments, and the results showed that the pH and buffer concentration could not influence the extraction efficiency because of the nonionizable property of the three compounds
Nasrollahpour et al [126] extracted 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (naphthalene (Naph), anthracene (Ant), phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr,), benzo[a] pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]ANTH), benzo[b] fluoranthene (B[b]FLAN,), chrysene (CH), benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]FLAN), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (I[123-cd] PY), dibenzo[a,h]-anthracene (D[a,h]AN), and benzo[ghi] perylene (BghiPer)) from a water sample using ionic liquids (IL)-modified metalorganic framework (MOF). Several extraction conditions, such as pH, amount of sorbent and time, were optimized. pH 7.0 was selected because the PAH are all nonionizable compounds in aqueous solution, so a change in pH had no effect on extraction. e sorbent was applied in mineral, river, and sea water samples, and the results showed that the recoveries were in the range of 97.0–103.5%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were 3.3–7.2%
Summary
From the industrial revolution to today, environmental pollutions caused by heavy metals and toxic organic compounds are an enormous problem worldwide [1]. e pollution of rivers and streams with chemical contaminants has become one of the most critical environmental problems of the century. Aluminum (Al) and silver (Ag) are two of the most commonly used metals in human lives due to their presence in food packing, tableware, and coins Both can enter the environment from industrial wastewater and in recent years, there has been increasing interest in their toxicity and biological effects. The presence of large amounts of hazardous and volatile organic solvents should be avoided [44] In this case, introducing an environmentfriendly media with high extraction and separation performance is another urgent problem of analytical techniques which needs to be solved. We provide an overview of recent applications of IL and IL-modified sorbents in determination of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants in various water samples
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