Abstract
In this study, a fast, simple, precise, and sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method was established for simultaneous determination of free amino acids in three different varieties of duckweed including Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid., Landoltia punctata (G. Mey.) Les & D. J. Crawford, and Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitsch by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Method validation was processed in terms of linearity, precision, stability, repeatability, and accuracy as well as limits of detection and quantification. The developed method was applied for quantification of 59 batches of samples. Then chemometric analysis was used to evaluate different duckweeds by principle component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results demonstrated that there was no significant difference in FAAs’ profile among three varieties of duckweed.
Highlights
Amino acids are kinds of nitrogenous components that play vital and diverse roles in metabolism and have attracted signi cant attention in food, feedstu, and alimentary supplements
E family of Lemnaceae colloquially known as duckweed has been consumed as human food since long [7]
Free amino acids can dissolve in methanol, ethanol, water, diluted acid, and so on
Summary
Amino acids are kinds of nitrogenous components that play vital and diverse roles in metabolism and have attracted signi cant attention in food, feedstu , and alimentary supplements. Ey can grow almost everywhere with appropriate temperature and nutrition in water. Their greatest potential is to produce large quantities of protein-rich biomass that is a promising food resource for humans [9] and is suitable for feeding a wide range of animals including sh, poultry, and cattle [10,11,12]. E contents of free amino acids (FAAs) are very important for the evaluation of the protein-rich food. Fresh duckweed contains a large amount of water with moisture content of 86%–94%. More proteins and fewer bers are accumulated in duckweed and vice versa. More proteins and fewer bers are accumulated in duckweed and vice versa. e amino acid type of duckweed is very close to that of animals and could be used by animals e ciently [7, 14]. e rst limited amino acid (lysine) is similar to soybean and is more superior to that in other food such as sorghum and maize
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