Abstract
In this paper, in vivo spectra from 23 patients’ blood samples with various Creatinine (Cr) concentration levels ranging from 0.96 to 12.5 mg/dL were measured using Fourier transform near-infrared spectrometer (FT-NIRS) and spectrum quantitative analysis method. Since Cr undergoes passive filtration, it serves as a key biomarker of kidneys function via the estimation of glomerular filtration rate. Thus, increased blood Cr concentration reflects impaired renal function. After spectra pre-processing and outlier exclusion, a spectral model was developed based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) method, wherein Cr concentrations correlated with filtered NIR spectra across several peaks, where Cr is known to absorb NIR light. Several statistical metrics were applied to estimate the model efficiency during data analysis. Comparison of spectra-derived concentrations to reference Cr measurements by the current gold-standard Jaffe’s method held in hospital lab revealed a Cr prediction accuracy of 1.64[Formula: see text]mg/dL with good correlation of [Formula: see text]. Bland-Altman plots were used to compare between our calculations and reference lab values and reveal minimal bias between the two. The finding presented the potential of FT-NIRS coupled with PLSR technique for Cr determination.
Highlights
Creatinine (Cr), a nontoxic biomolecule, is a biochemical waste molecule generated from muscle metabolism.[1]
We found one sample to be an outlier as a result of high noise level in the NIR spectrum, which was excluded from further processing
A Fourier transform spectrometer working in the wavelength range of 1.25–2.5 m, combined with a partial least squares (PLS) multivariate calibration technique was applied for determination of Cr concentration levels (0.96–12.5 mg/dL) in blood of 23 patients
Summary
Creatinine (Cr), a nontoxic biomolecule, is a biochemical waste molecule generated from muscle metabolism.[1]. The glomerularltration re°ects the kidney function and its rate can be measured, this is called, glomerularltration rate (GFR). The collected °uid in this space °ows along the nephron To 1.4 M nephrons in each normal adult kidney). Cr is essentially not involved in these processes and thereby is considered a reliable and extremely practical marker of the GFR.[2] increased blood Cr concentration re°ects impaired renal function. Decreased GFR bears systemic ramications upon the heart, liver, pancreas, and beyond.[3] Cr levels in blood and urine are being used clinically to calculate the GFR.[4] A Cr concentration normally ranges between 0.6 to 1.2 mg/ dL; abnormally high Cr concentrations, reaching 2 mg/dL in infants, or 5 mg/dL in adults, may indicate severely impaired kidney function. Current clinical gold-standard to determine Cr levels is the Ja®e's colorimetric assay.[5]
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