Determination of choking in the EMMS model

Abstract

This paper investigates the relationship between the two choking criteria in the energy minimization multi-scale (EMMS) model. An improved GPU solver for the EMMS model is used to facilitate the related calculation. Both choking criteria agree well with the experiments in literature, and the predictions are almost identical to each other. The study confirms that both criteria define the critical conditions in terms of the breakdown of the fully heterogeneous structures. This structural change is due to the enhanced inter-phase interaction with increasing gas velocities at given solid flow rate. According to the numerical calculation, the solution space and the clustering constraint are visualized to consolidate the impact of structural changes on choking.