Determination of butyltin compounds in surface sediments from the São Paulo State coast (Brazil) by gas chromatography–pulsed flame photometric detection

Abstract

Occurrence and the effects of butyltin compounds (BTs) have been studied for some years, mainly in countries of the Northern Hemisphere. Due to widespread use of tributyltin compounds (TBTs) and considering their deleterious effects, it is necessary to conduct studies on its occurrence, especially in the marine environment because of its excessive use in coatings of ship hulls to prevent fouling. Moreover, it was important to extend the evaluation to areas where there is no current information about their occurrence. The present work reports the occurrence of BTs in marine sediments of São Paulo state, Brazil. Commercial and leisure harbor sampling sites were selected because these areas are potentially exposed to BTs from antifouling paints used on ship hulls. Analytical conditions for organotin analysis in marine sediments were optimized for GC with pulsed flame photometric detection. Detection limits ranged from 8.4 to 66.3 ng g −1 using a 610-nm filter, and the linearity range was 20–500 ng g −1. Concentration levels of BTs were highest in Santos harbor (360 ng g −1 TBT in average) and Guarujá marina (670 ng g −1 TBT in average), which seems to be related to intensive boat traffic. Lower levels of BTs were observed in Cananéia, where only fishing boats are present (50 ng g −1 TBT in average).