Determination of Biogenic Amines in Cheese Using Simultaneous Derivatization and Microextraction Method Followed by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Microwave-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry as a sensitive and efficient method was applied to extract and determine four biogenic amines (BAs) in Iranian Lighvan cheese samples. Carrez solutions were used for the sedimentation of proteins. Effective factors on the performance of microextraction were studied and optimized. The proposed method showed good linear ranges from 5 to 500 ng mL−1, with the coefficients of determination higher than 0.9929. Average recoveries were between 97 and 103%. Limits of detection for all analyzed BAs ranged from 5.9 to 14.0 ng g−1, and limits of quantitation ranged between 19.7 and 46.2 ng g−1. Compared with previous methods, the proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, and precise and gives low detection limits for investigating trace amounts of BAs in Iranian Lighvan cheese samples. The levels of four BAs were determined in five Lighvan cheese samples. Cadaverine was found as prevailing amine in the cheese samples. Putrescine, tyramine, and histamine were present at the second, third, and fourth highest levels, respectively.