Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of leaf and flower extract in Chromolaena scabra (L. f.) R.M. King and H. Rob., against selected strains of bacteria and fungi.
 Methods: The agar diffusion method with plate perforation was developed; the microorganisms used were strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium digitatum. Rifampicin was used as a positive control. The evaluation was performed by measuring the diameter of the growth inhibition zones around the holes. The inhibitory effect of the plant extracts was obtained by its efficiency compared to the positive control. A comparison with fluconazole and ketoconazole was performed to determine how much of the extract is required to cause inhibition of fungal growth from the standard.
 Results: IC50 was determined by relating the ln of mass evaluated with respect to the square of the inhibition halo; ethanolic extracts of leaves and flowers of petroleum ether with IC50 values of 85.8 mg/ml and 50.3 mg/ml showed the highest inhibitory effect against S. aureus; the extract of petroleum ether and ethanol from leaves with IC50 of 64 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml, respectively. They were effective with A. niger. Leaf petroleum ether extract showed the best relative antifungal activity against A. niger with respect to fluconazole equivalent to 459.51 when fluconazole is 1.0.
 Conclusion: The extracts with high potential to inhibit the growth of microorganisms were determined to be ether flowers of petroleum and ethanol leaf extracts.
Highlights
Plants are usually known to make use of their diverse health benefits through the numerous phytochemicals they contain
The IC50 was determined by graphing the ln of the evaluated mass with respect to the square of the inhibition halo, where on the graph of the line y = mx+b, where y = ln50 and x = IC50; as shown in Fig. 1, the extracts with the best activity are the ethanolic extract of leaves with a critical mass of 85.8 and the flower petroleum ether with a critical mass of 50.3
The extracts that have a greater activity against S. aureus microorganism were the ethanol extract of leaves with an ABR equivalent to 197.5, followed by the ether extract of efflorescence with an ABR 336.7 when the ABR of rifampicin is equivalent to 1.0, this comparison was made to determine what amount of extract that has more than 500 compounds in different proportions is required to cause the inhibition of the bacterial growth of the microorganism equivalent to that of the standard of a pure molecule of which less amount is required because it is a pure substance with specific use for the treatment of S. aureus
Summary
Plants are usually known to make use of their diverse health benefits through the numerous phytochemicals they contain. The development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms is a global challenge for the clinicians, pharmacist, and research scientists leading to the development of new medicinal formulations that are effective and consumable [2]. Medicinal plants play a significant role in providing primary, health-care services to rural people and are used by about 80% of the marginal communities in the world [3]. Bacteria and fungi continue to develop drug resistance by employing various mechanisms to survive in the lethal environment created by antimicrobials [4]. It is the requirement of developing the alternative drug line to treat infectious diseases caused by microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. It is the requirement of developing the alternative drug line to treat infectious diseases caused by microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. [5]
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